Henry VII and the Tudor Heritage
There has been some discussion on the blog about Henry VIII’s ruthlessness in his desire to obtain a male heir to the throne. We decided to try to trace Henry’s history back to his father to see if the story of Henry VII’s rise to power might shed some light on the man Henry VIII came to be.
Henry’s Lineage
Henry Tudor, as he was known, before becoming King Henry VII, was born at Pembroke Castle in Wales. He was the only son of a widow, Margaret Beaufort. Margaret was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, first Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress Katherine Sywnford. Katherine eventually became third wife to John of Gaunt in 1396, and their children were made legitimate by papal decree, however their descendants were to be forever barred from taking the throne. John of Gaunt’s legitimate heirs included Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI – however Henry VII came to the throne by a more complex route.
The War of the Roses
Henry VII’s rise to power is set against a background of strife between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Henry usurped the crown on 22nd August 1485 after the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the culmination of the War of the Roses, the demise of the House of York and the end of the Plantagenet Dynasty. Henry Tudor was a Lancastrian, and had been hurried away to Brittany when the Yorkist Edward IV returned to the throne following an overthrow of his rule.
The Princes in the Tower
Following the death of Edward, Richard III came to the throne by very dubious means; and proved to be an unpopular monarch When Edward IV died on 9 April 1483, his sons King Edward V, aged 12, and Richard, Duke of York, aged 9, were next in line to the throne. Richard, however, had the king’s guardian and other advisors arrested and taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were later executed, allegedly for planning to assassinate Edward V. Richard then took Edward and his younger brother to the Tower of London, having declared them to be illegitimate. The fate of the boy princes remains unknown however they were never seen again. It is presumed that they either died or were killed there. There is no record of a funeral. In 1674, the skeletons of two children were discovered under the staircase leading to the chapel. These were believed to be the remains of the two princes.
The Battle of Bosworth Field
Henry waited in Brittany, aware of Richard III’s lack of popular support, and making alliances with France and Scotland, and Lancastrian supporters in England and Wales in preparation for his invasion at Mill Bay in Pembrokeshire – not far from his birthplace. Henry amassed an army of 5,000 soldiers as he marched north from Wales to Bosworth. Richard met him with an army of 8,000, Richard, who was the tallest monarch in English history at 6’4, astride a white courser. Richard is said to have fought very bravely and ably, however he was deserted by several of his nobles during the battle who switched sides to join Henry.
Richard fell, having killed Henry’s standard bearer – and as he was preparing to strike Henry himself. He was surrounded before this could happen, and died as the last king to lead his troops in battle on English soil. Tradition holds that his final words were “treason, treason, treason, treason, treason”. Richard’s naked body was exposed for public view before being buried in Leicestershire.
Henry VII
There has been some discussion on the blog about Henry VIII’s ruthlessness in his desire to obtain a male heir to the throne. We decided to try to trace Henry’s history back to his father to see if the story of Henry VII’s rise to power might shed some light on the man Henry VIII came to be.
Pembroke Castle: Birthplace of Henry VII (Photo by Matt West on Flickr: Click image)
Henry’s Lineage
Henry Tudor, as he was known, before becoming King Henry VII, was born at Pembroke Castle in Wales. He was the only son of a widow, Margaret Beaufort. Margaret was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, first Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress Katherine Sywnford. Katherine eventually became third wife to John of Gaunt in 1396, and their children were made legitimate by papal decree, however their descendants were to be forever barred from taking the throne. John of Gaunt’s legitimate heirs included Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI – however Henry VII came to the throne by a more complex route.
The War of the Roses
Henry VII’s rise to power is set against a background of strife between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Henry usurped the crown on 22nd August 1485 after the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the culmination of the War of the Roses, the demise of the House of York and the end of the Plantagenet Dynasty. Henry Tudor was a Lancastrian, and had been hurried away to Brittany when the Yorkist Edward IV returned to the throne following an overthrow of his rule.
The Princes in the Tower
The Princes in the Tower : John Everett Millais 1878
Following the death of Edward, Richard III came to the throne by very dubious means; and proved to be an unpopular monarch When Edward IV died on 9 April 1483, his sons King Edward V, aged 12, and Richard, Duke of York, aged 9, were next in line to the throne. Richard, however, had the king’s guardian and other advisors arrested and taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were later executed, allegedly for planning to assassinate Edward V. Richard then took Edward and his younger brother to the Tower of London, having declared them to be illegitimate. The fate of the boy princes remains unknown however they were never seen again. It is presumed that they either died or were killed there. There is no record of a funeral. In 1674, the skeletons of two children were discovered under the staircase leading to the chapel. These were believed to be the remains of the two princes (*See below)
The Battle of Bosworth Field
Henry waited in Brittany, aware of Richard III’s lack of popular support, and making alliances with France and Scotland, and Lancastrian supporters in England and Wales in preparation for his invasion at Mill Bay in Pembrokeshire – not far from his birthplace. Henry amassed an army of 5,000 soldiers as he marched north from Wales to Bosworth. Richard met him with an army of 8,000, Richard, who was the tallest monarch in English history at 6’4, astride a white courser. Richard is said to have fought very bravely and ably, however he was deserted by several of his nobles during the battle who switched sides to join Henry.
Bosworth Skirmish : Tancread on Flickr (CLick image)
Richard fell, having killed Henry’s standard bearer – and as he was preparing to strike Henry himself. He was surrounded before this could happen, and died as the last king to lead his troops in battle on English soil. Tradition holds that his final words were “treason, treason, treason, treason, treason”. Richard’s naked body was exposed for public view before being buried in Leicestershire.
Bosworth Battlefield, tranquil now but once the scene of a Kings death: Jams_123 on Flickr - Click image)
(* By the way – we know this is controversial! See this link for an alternate view)
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Whilst doing a bit of research for another post I found out a little more about Anne of Cleves. Anne is well known to us because of the famous Holbein portrait, she is also remembered because of Henry VIII’s famously negative reaction to her.
Sir George Throckmorton (d. 1553) was a knight at the court of Henry VIII, and was in charge of the royal Forest of Arden. He spoke out vociferously against the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and was imprisoned several times without trial for his outspoken views – being released once Henry believed he had calmed down – only to end up back in prison again!
